Paragraphs

本单元提供了一些如何构建连贯段落的要点。先参考如下启发性的信息:

写作工作不过就是理清主题各部分间的依赖关系,并按照一定的逻辑顺序将这些内容呈现给读者,使读者能够理解你。

写好段首句

段首句是每个段落最重要的句子。忙碌的读者会专注于段首句而有时会跳过其余的句子。因此,请将你的写作精力集中在段首句上

好的首句会点出段落的核心观点。例如,以下段落就有一个有效的首句:

A loop runs the same block of code multiple times. For example, suppose you wrote a block of code that detected whether an input line ended with a period. To evaluate a million input lines, create a loop that runs a million times.

上述段落的首句将段落的主题确立为对循环的介绍。相比之下,如下段首句则将读者引向了错误的方向:

A block of code is any set of contiguous code within the same function. For example, suppose you wrote a block of code that detected whether an input line ended with a period. To evaluate a million input lines, create a loop that runs a million times.

练习

如下段落的首句是有效的还是有缺陷的?

The Pythagorean Theorem states that the sum of the squares of both legs of a right triangle is equal to the square of the hypotenuse. The k-means clustering algorithm relies on the Pythagorean Theorem to measure distances. By contrast, the k-median clustering algorithm relies on the Manhattan Distance.

点击展开答案

该段首句是有缺陷的,因为其暗示着段落将专注于介绍勾股定理(毕达哥拉斯定理)。但实际上,该段重点是介绍聚类算法。如下则是一个更有效的首句:

Different clustering algorithms measure distances differently.

每段专注一个主题

一个段落应该代表一个独立的逻辑单元。将每个段落限制在当前主题上,而不要描述为未来或过去的主题是什么。修改时,可以简单粗暴地删掉任何与当前主题不直接相关的句子(或将其移至其他段落)。

例如,假设如下段落的首句有专注正确的主题。你能找出应该从下一段中删除的句子吗?

The Pythagorean Theorem states that the sum of the squares of both legs of a right triangle is equal to the square of the hypotenuse. The perimeter of a triangle is equal to the sum of the three sides. You can use the Pythagorean Theorem to measure diagonal distances. For example, if you know the length and width of a ping-pong table, you can use the Pythagorean Theorem to determine the diagonal distance. To calculate the perimeter of the ping-pong table, sum the length and the width, and then multiply that sum by 2.

我们删除了第二句和第五句,以产生一个专注于勾股定理的段落。

The Pythagorean Theorem states that the sum of the squares of both legs of a right triangle is equal to the square of the hypotenuse. The perimeter of a triangle is equal to the sum of the three sides. You can use the Pythagorean Theorem to measure diagonal distances. For example, if you know the length and width of a ping-pong table, you can use the Pythagorean Theorem to determine the diagonal distance. To calculate the perimeter of the ping-pong table, sum the length and the width, and then multiply that sum by 2.

练习

将下面段落中无关的句子移除(假设段首句确实为段落建立了所需的主题):

Spreadsheets provide a great way to organize data. Think of a spreadsheet as a table with rows and columns. Spreadsheets also provide mathematical functions, such as means and standard deviations. Each row holds details about one entity. Each column holds details about a particular parameter. For example, you can create a spreadsheet to organize data about different trees. Each row would represent a different type of tree. Each column would represent a different characteristic, such as the tree's height or the tree's spread.

点击展开答案

该段落侧重于将电子表格作为一种组织数据的方式,但第三句话与主题有所偏离。将第三句移到关于电子表格数学运算的段落中会更好:

Spreadsheets provide a great way to organize data. Think of a spreadsheet as a table with rows and columns. Spreadsheets also provide mathematical functions, such as means and standard deviations. Each row holds details about one entity. Each column holds details about a particular parameter. For example, you can create a spreadsheet to organize data about different trees. Each row would represent a different type of tree. Each column would represent a different characteristic, such as the tree's height or the tree's spread.%/accordion%

段落不宜过长或过短

长段落在视觉上令人望而生畏。超长的段落变成是令读者忽略的可怕“文字墙”。读者普遍欢迎包含三到五个句子的段落,但会避免包含大约7个句子的段落。修改时,可以将很长的段落分成两个单独的段落。

相反地,也不要让段落过短。文档中包含大量的单句段落,代表文档的组织是有缺陷的。请找到方法将这些短句段落组合成有凝聚力的多句段落或者列表。

回答what, why和how

好的段落能回答以下三个问题:

  1. 你想告诉读者什么(What are you trying to tell your reader)?
  2. 为什么读者需要知道这些(Why is it important for the reader to know this)?
  3. 读者该如何利用这些知识,或读者怎么知道你的观点是正确的(How should the reader use this knowledge? Alternatively, how should the reader know your point to be true)?

例如,如下段落就回答了 what, why和how:

<Start of What>The garp() function returns the delta between a dataset's mean and median. Many people believe unquestioningly that a mean always holds the truth. However, a mean is easily influenced by a few very large or very small data points. Call garp() to help determine whether a few very large or very small data points are influencing the mean too much. A relatively small garp() value suggests that the mean is more meaningful than when the garp() value is relatively high.

Reference

原文: https://developers.google.com/tech-writing/one/paragraphs

Copyright @ Lambert 2022 all right reserved,powered by GitbookModified Time: 2024-02-24 14:20:10

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